(3) The Madero
Era I: The
Start of the Zapatista Revolt, Jun.1911-Feb.1912
June
1911
Maderistas.
==Jun.01-07 > Madero makes a
triumphal
progress south to the capital
==Jun.07 > Madero enters
Mexico City,
accompanied by more than 100,000 supporters - the ecstatic crowds are
undeterred
by an earthquake
Maderistas.(south).Zapata.
Madero’s first encounters with the crisis in Morelos:
==Jun.08 > Zapata confers with
Madero
and demands land reform
==Jun.12-15 > Madero visits
Morelos; the
local landowners convince him that Zapata is a threat to civic order
==Jun.13 > Under pressure from
Madero
and the landowners, Zapata’s forces begin rapidly demobilizing
==Jun.18-20 > Conservatives
launch a propaganda
campaign against Zapata, falsely claiming that Morelos is in a state of
anarchy
==Jun.20, Zapata again confers with
Madero,
and agrees to step down - the landowners briefly seem to have regained
full control of Morelos
Right.
==Jun.09 > Bernardo Reyes returns
to Mexico
City, warmly welcomed by conservatives
Far Left.(northwest).
==Jun.22 > The anarchist PLM are
routed
from Tijuana by Madero’s forces
Maderistas.
==Jun.24 > Madero issues a
conciliatory
manifesto, but still provokes criticism from the right and the left
==Jun.--- > Madero starts
demobilizing
the disillusioned revolutionary troops
July
1911
Maderistas.(south).Zapata.
==early.Jul. > In opposition to
Madero,
Interior Minister Vázquez Gómez quietly rearms radical
local
forces in Morelos
Maderistas.
The Maderista movement splits:
==Jul.03 > The war-cost claims of
Madero’s
brother Gustavo are approved before all others - Madero’s
popularity
begins to slump
==Jul.09 > Madero proposes the
replacement
of the revolutionary party with the newly formed Partido
Constitucional
Progresista (PCP) - the idea is angrily opposed by his rival
Vázquez
Gómez
==Jul.12 > In Puebla,
Federal troops
use machine guns to suppress unrest, mowing down over a hundred
Maderistas;
Madero supports the troops’ action - ~the left grows increasingly
skeptical
of Madero
==Jul.18 > Revolutionary
Maderista generals
demand that de la Barra’s conservative interim government resign
==Jul.25 > Madero denounces
military interference
in politics - afterwards, the revolutionary generals threaten Madero in
a meeting at Tehuacán
==Aug.02 > Vázquez
Gómez
is ousted from Madero’s cabinet, ending the threat from the
revolutionary
army; the left breaks with Madero
Maderistas.(south).Zapata.
==late.Jul. > Growing tension
between
Madero and Zapata - by early Aug, Madero adopts a hard-line policy
Labor.
==Jul.--- > Miners form a
national union
- ~rising union activity; waves of strikes sweep Mexico
Right.(north).Orozco.
==summer > ~The ambitious
revolutionary
leader Orozco befriends the conservative Terrazas-Creel clan in
Chihuahua
August
1911
Right.
==beginning.Aug. > The
conservative leader
Reyes begins to campaign for president against Madero
Maderistas.(south).Zapata.Huerta.
The Morelos crisis reaches a flashpoint:
==Aug.09 > Interim President de
la Barra
sends General Huerta to Morelos to disarm Zapata’s troops, with the
authority
to use force if necessary - Zapata learns the news during his wedding
ceremony
==Aug.11 > The first armed clash
occurs
between the Federals and Zapata’s forces
==Aug.12 > de la Barra suspends
the state
sovereignty of Morelos
==Aug.13-24 > Madero desperately
attempts
to reach a settlement in Morelos: Zapata twice agrees to demobilize,
but
is forced to rescind when Huerta advances against him... in the end,
Madero
leaves Morelos in distress, his peace mission a failure
Unrest.(northwest).
==mid.Aug. > The Madero-appointed
governor
of Sinaloa is ousted by the revolutionary leader Banderas, who is
eventually
arrested
Maderistas.
==Aug.27 > Madero’s PCP party is
formed
at a convention in Mexico City, and draws up a reformist platform
September
1911
Zapatista Revolt.Huerta.
==Sep.01 > A botched attempt is
made to
arrest Zapata at Chinameca - THE ZAPATISTA REVOLT BEGINS;
Zapata
flees to Puebla - ~widespread executions by Huerta’s forces in Morelos
Right.
Crisis with the conservative opposition:
==Sep.02 > Reyes is physically
attacked
by Maderistas in Mexico City
==Sep.12 > The Reyistas petition
Congress
to postpone the election
==Sep.27 > Congress rejects the
request
- Reyes immediately withdraws from the presidential race and leaves for
the US - fears of renewed civil war
Zapatista Revolt.Huerta.
==Sep.26 > Huerta declares
Morelos to
be pacified, and moves into Puebla in pursuit of Zapata - on Sep.27,
Zapata
issues an anti-government manifesto
October
1911
Maderistas.
Mexican general elections:
==Oct.01 > Madero is elected
president
in the primary general election by a strong majority in reasonably fair
voting; José María Pino Suárez is elected
vice-president
==Oct.15 > Madero receives 98% of
the
electors’ votes in the final election
==Nov.02 > Congress declares
Madero elected
Zapatista Revolt.Huerta.
The Zapatista revolt revives:
==Oct.06-07 > As Huerta advances
deep
into Puebla, Zapata doubles back into Morelos
==Oct.08 > Zapatistas blow up the
‘El
Muerto’ bridge in Jococatepec
==Oct.24 > Zapata takes Milpa
Alta, only
fifteen miles from the heart of Mexico City
==Oct.27-28 > A cabinet crisis is
brought
on by the Zapatista victories; at Madero’s urging, Huerta is sacked as
Federal commander in Morelos
Far Left.Labor.
==Oct.08 > First issue of the
anarcho-syndicalist
newspaper El Tipógrafo Mexicano
Labor.
==Oct.31 > In a speech to rail
workers,
Madero endorses labor unions
Unrest.
Vázquez Gómez prepares a revolt:
==Oct.31 > The Vazquistas write
their
manifesto, the Plan of Tacubaya
==Nov.10 > State governors are
sounded
out for support
Unrest.(south).
==Oct.--- > A revolt in Chiapas
is defeated
at Chiapa de Corzo
Unrest.
==fall > Widespread revolts
and unrest
throughout Mexico
November
1911
Unrest.(south).
==early.Nov. > Che Gómez
revolts
at Juchitán in southeast Oaxaca, but is soon driven into the
countryside
- at the end of Nov, he is killed after surrendering to government
forces
Madero Regime.
==Nov.06 > Madero takes
office as President
of Mexico
Right.
==Nov.08 > Police uncover a
Vazquista-Reyista
plot to assassinate Madero
Zapatista Revolt.
==Nov.08-12 > Government talks
with the
Zapatistas fizzle - the last hopeful attempt to resolve the Morelos
revolt
fails
Unrest.(south).
==Nov.16 > Angel Barrios’ revolt
is crushed
in Oaxaca
Right.(north).Orozco.
==Nov.20 > Madero places the
revolutionary
leader Orozco in charge of operations against the rebel Reyes
Unrest.(north).
==Nov.22 > Vázquez
Gómez’
Plan of Tacubaya is promulgated, inducing minor revolts in western
Chihuahua
by ex-Maderistas, to early 1912
Right.US
Relations.
==late.Nov. > The US moves
vigorously
to suppress Reyes’ plotting against Madero in San Antonio
Zapatista Revolt.
==Nov.28 > Zapata’s Plan of
Ayala is
issued, calling for rural reform and the fulfillment of the
revolution:
the Zapatista revolt is formalized - on Dec.15, the Plan is published
in
Mexico City
Madero Regime.(north).Right.
==Nov.--- > The loyal Maderista
Governor
of Chihuahua Abraham González is named Interior Minister - ~his
departure for Mexico City weakens Maderista influence in Chihuahua;
landowners
revive and crack down on peasants
December
1911
Unrest.(northwest).
==early.Dec. > A revolt in
Sinaloa is
suppressed
==Dec.11 > Yaqui Indians in
Sonora seize
their ancestral lands, setting off conflict with the Mexican government
to 1929
Labor.Madero
Regime.
==Dec.13 > The Mexican government
forms
a Department of Labor
Right.Unrest.(north).
Reyes’ conservative revolt fizzles:
==Dec.14 > Reyes slips into
northern Mexico,
but generates little popular support - Madero’s government uncovers a
Reyista
plot among the high-ranking military
==Dec.25, Reyes surrenders to the
Mexican
government
Rural.Madero
Regime.
==Dec.18 > A federal law is
enacted to
provide small plots of land to peasants on easy terms - the first
modest
attempt at land reform
Labor.
==late.Dec. > A serious textile
strike
occurs at Orizaba
January
1912
Zapatista Revolt.
Intense guerilla warfare in Morelos:
==Jan.04 > The Zapatistas attack
Yautepec
==Jan.09 > Zapatistas blow the
Cuernavaca-Tetecala
Railroad
==Jan.17 > The oppressive
Figueroa resigns
as Governor of Morelos; reformers attempt to gain control of the state
government
==Jan.19 > Martial law is
declared in
Morelos, Guerrero, Tlaxcala, and parts of Puebla and Mexico state as
the
revolt spreads
==Jan.26 > The Zapatistas launch
a powerful
offensive against Cuernavaca
Labor.Madero
Regime.
==Jan.20 > In response to the
Orizaba
strike, the government sponsors a conference of textile owners - ~an
agreement
is reached on weak labor reforms
==Jan.--- > A National Labor
Office is
established to recommend reforms
US Relations.
==late.Jan. > Texas calls for US
intervention
in northern Mexico
Madero Regime.
==Jan.--- > Maderista political
thugs,
known as Porra, appear in Mexico City
February
1912
Unrest.(north).Orozco.Villa.
Rising unrest in Chihuahua:
==Jan.31 > Rebels sack Ciudad
Juárez
==Feb.02 > Vázquez
Gómez’
supporters renew their revolt
==Feb.02 > Fighting breaks out
amongst
the garrison of Ciudad Chihuahua
==Feb.02 > Pancho Villa is
authorized
to raise troops and sets out for western Chihuahua
==Feb.03 > Orozco persuades the
rebels
in Ciudad Juárez to surrender
Rural.Madero
Regime.
==early.Feb. > The Mexican
National Agrarian
Commission recommends conservative land reform
Zapatista Revolt.
Tough government crackdown in Morelos:
==early.Feb > The brutal Juvencio
Robles
arrives to command military operations
==Feb.06 > The Zapatistas
announce that
they’ll blow up every train that enters Morelos and launch a renewed
drive
on Cuernavaca
==Feb.09 > Federal troops burn
down Santa
Maria, the home village of rebel leader de la O; ~the hopes of Morelos
moderates for the restoration of peace are shattered
==Feb.10 > Robles arrests
Zapata’s relatives;
~widespread ejections of officials and executions in Morelos
==Feb.15 > Robles begins the
systematic
burning of villages and the forced ‘resettlement’ of rural populations
throughout Morelos
Rural.Madero
Regime.(north).
==mid.Feb > In response to
growing unrest,
Abraham González resigns as Federal Interior Minister, returns
to
Chihuahua as Governor, and attempts to implement land reform
Rural.Madero
Regime.
==Feb.17 > The Madero government
recommends
that states sell village communal lands (ejidos) to peasants
Labor.Madero
Regime.
==Feb.24 > The Madero government
encourages
the formation of labor unions
Unrest.(north).Orozco.Villa.
The situation in Chihuahua grows critical:
==Feb.26 > US agents report that
the conservative
Terrazas-Creel family is trying to provoke American intervention in
northern
Mexico
==Feb.27 > Vázquez
Gómez’
supporters gain control of Ciudad Juárez - ~Orozco refuses to
suppress
the revolt and resigns as head of the Chihuahua rurales
==Feb.29 > Villa denounces the
revolt
at Ciudad Juarez
Unrest.(north).
==Feb.--- > ~Widespread rural
unrest is
endemic in the Laguna (Torreón) region of eastern Durango and
southwestern
Coahuila
US Relations.
==Feb.--- > US Senator Lodge and
the Hearst
papers revive the issue of the ‘threat’ of a Japanese base at Magdalena
Bay in Lower California
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