(1) 1904-1908
1904
Epidemic.Philippines.
==early.1904 > The very severe
cholera
epidemic that has been ravaging the Philippines since 1902 begins to
subside
Epidemic.United
States.
==Feb.29 > A woman dies of plague
in Concord,
California, the last human victim of the first San Francisco outbreak
that
has been underway since 1899 - ~the plague spreads into the interior of
the American west, where it becomes endemic in wildlife
Epidemic.South
Africa.
==Feb.--- > Pneumonic plague
strikes Johannesburg;
Mahatma Gandhi sets up a treatment center
Epidemic.Public
Health.Brazil.
Smallpox in Rio de Janeiro:
==Mar.early, to 1905 > A smallpox
epidemic
erupts in Rio
==May.--- > A mass smallpox
vaccination
program is begun in the city
==Oct.--- > Brazil enacts an
ineffective
mandatory smallpox vaccination law
==Nov.10-15 > Severe
anti-vaccination
riots break out in Rio, joined by part of the army - the revolt is
firmly
suppressed by the Brazilian government
Psychology.United
States.
==Mar.20 > The behaviorist
psychologist
B.F. Skinner is born in Pennsylvania
Public Health.France.
==Apr.--- > Helme reports that
out of
700 French doctors questioned, 312 feel that the fight against
tuberculosis
is futile
Epidemic.Southwest
Africa.
==Apr.--- > A typhoid epidemic
erupts
among German troops in Southwest Africa
Public Health.United
States.
==May.14 > After decades as the
head of
the American Red Cross, Clara Barton resigns over charges of financial
incompetence
Public Health.United
States.
==Jun.06 > The American National
Tuberculosis
Association is established - ~rising US public health effort against
tuberculosis
Public Health.China.
==Jun.29 > China joins the
International
Red Cross
Public Health.Panama.
==Jun.--- > Dr. William Gorgas’
public
health team begins to arrive in Panama; within about a month all have
contracted
malaria - ~Gorgas’ repeated urgent requests are ignored by Canal
authorities
Epidemic.India.
==summer to 1907 > A very
severe plague
epidemic strikes India: a horrendous outbreak strikes Bombay, and
soon
sweeps into the interior - 1,300,000 die by the summer of 1905, about
six
million die altogether - a tough campaign to eradicate rats is enforced
in Bombay
Epidemic.Russia.
==Sep.--- > Cholera outbreak in
Baku on
the Caspian Sea
Epidemic.Panama.
==Nov.21 > Cases of yellow fever
begin
to appear in Panama
Research.Russia.
==Dec.10 > Pavlov wins the Nobel
Prize
for Physiology for his work on digestion
Epidemic.India.
==1904 > A very severe cholera
epidemic
ravages India from 1899 to ~1909, part of the sixth cholera
pandemic
Epidemic.Siam.
==1904 > The plague pandemic
enters Siam
Research.United
States.
==1904 > Working at the
Rockefeller Institute
in New York, Landsteiner discovers blood Rh factor
Research.France.
==1904 > The Curies demonstrate
that radium
rays can kill diseased cells
Psychology.United
States.
==1904 > Psychologist G. Stanley
Hall
publishes Adolescence - ~the origins of child psychology in
America
Psychology.Austria.
==1904 > Freud publishes The
Psychopathology
of Everyday Life
1905
Epidemic.Persia.
==early.1905 > Persia is struck
by a cholera
epidemic
Epidemic.Public
Health.Panama.
Gorgas suppresses yellow fever at the Panama Canal:
==early.1905 > Panama turns over
public
health functions in Panama City and Colón to Dr. Gorgas
==late spring-summer > The yellow
fever
outbreak causes a panic in Panama: three-quarters of the American canal
workers flee, and work is virtually halted
==Jul.03 > A plague death occurs
in Panama
- the disease panic is at its height
==Jul.26 > Stevens arrives as the
new
Chief Engineer in Panama - ~Gorgas’ public health efforts are given top
priority; he initiates a very tough public health regimen in the Canal
Zone
==Dec.--- > Yellow fever has
eliminated
from Panama
Public Health.United
States.
==Feb.20 > The US Supreme Court
rules
that compulsory vaccination laws are constitutional in Jacobson v
Massachusetts
Research.Germany.
==May.--- > German
microbiologists Fritz
Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann discover Treponema pallidum to be
the
causative agent of syphilis
France.
==Jun.28 > Dr. Beaurieux observes
that
the head of the murderer Languille seems to survive for several seconds
after it has been guillotined
Epidemic.Spain.
==Jun.--- to Apr.1906 > A plague
outbreak
strikes Barcelona
Epidemic.Public
Health.United States.
==Jul.22-Oct. > The last major
outbreak
of yellow fever in the United States, at New Orleans, is ended by a
mosquito
control campaign by the US Public Health Service
Epidemic.Research.Sweden.
==summer-fall > Polio outbreak in
rural
Sweden - Wickman proves that polio is contagious and can be spread by
carriers
Epidemic.Japan.
==Aug.31 > Since the start of its
war
with Russia, the Japanese Army has suffered up to 200,000 cases of
beriberi;
the Japanese Navy, with better balanced rations, has had none at all
Psychology.Austria.
==Dec.--- > Freud publishes Three
Essays
on the Theory of Sexuality
Epidemic.Italy.
==1905 > A whooping cough
epidemic that
has been underway in Italy since 1901 is finally brought under control
Epidemic.Burma.
==1905 > The plague pandemic
enters Burma
Epidemic.Brazil.
==1905 > In Brazil, Recife is hit
hard
by a smallpox outbreak
Research.Britain.
==1905 > In Britain, researchers
Ernst
Starling and William Bayliss coin the term ‘hormone’
Research.Lebanon.
==1905 > Working in Beirut,
Bancroft establishes
that dengue is transmitted by mosquitoes
Research.Malaya.
==1905 > Working with rice
variants in
Kuala Lumpur, Fletcher shows that beriberi is evidently a nutritional
deficiency
Research.Netherlands.
==1905 > In the Netherlands,
Pekelharing
detects the existence of “unrecognized substances” (vitamins) in
foods
Research.Germany.
==1905 > Robert Koch wins the
Nobel prize
in Medicine
==1905 > Albert Einhorn discovers
the
anesthetic procaine, which he markets under the name Novocain
Research.United
States.
==1905 > Crile performs the first
direct
blood transfusion
==1905 > Pioneering American
brain surgeon
Harvey Cushing begins work in neurosurgery
==1905 > American surgeons
Guthrie and
Carrel perfect the suturing of blood vessels
Public Health.United
States.
==1905 > The origins of medical
social
work in America, in Massachusetts
Psychology.France.
==1905 > In France, results from
the first
IQ tests are published by Binet and Simon
1906
Epidemic.Uganda.
==early.1906 > In the vicinity of
Lake
Victoria, 200,000 Ugandans have died of sleeping sickness since the
outbreak
began in 1901
Research.United
States.
==Jun.04 > Howard Taylor Ricketts
identifies
ticks as the vector for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Public Health.United
States.
==Jun.30 > Roosevelt signs the
Meat Inspection
Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act
Epidemic.South
Africa.
==1906 > Tuberculosis is reaching
epidemic
proportions in South Africa
Epidemic.New
Zealand.
==1906 > Whooping cough epidemic
in New
Zealand, to 1908
Epidemic.Vietnam.
==1906 > Plague outbreak in
Saigon
Epidemic.Cuba.
==1906 > Outbreaks of yellow
fever in
Havana, to 1906
Public Health.Brazil.
==1906 > Cruz completes the
elimination
of yellow fever from Rio
Research.United
States.
==1906 > Pellagra is first
diagnosed,
at the Alabama Hospital for the Colored Insane
Research.Britain.
==1906 > British researcher
Frederick
Hopkins proposes the existence of essential nutrients that will
eventually
be known as vitamins, and suggests that scurvy and rickets are caused
by
their deficiency - his work is published in 1912
Research.Norway.
==1906 > In Oslo, Axel Holst
studies food
supplements (vitamins)
Research.France.
==1906 > In France, Bordet and
Gengou
discover the cause of whooping cough
==1906 > Albert Calmette and Jean
Marie
Guérin of the Pasteur Institute develop BCG vaccine for
tuberculosis
from attenuated bacteria - not used on humans until 1924
Research.Germany.
==1906 > The Wasserman blood test
for
syphilis is developed - the start of the use of complement fixation
tests
==1906 > von Pirquet coins the
word ‘allergy’
==1906 > The German physician
Alois Alzheimer
describes presenile degeneration of the brain, a disease that is later
named after him
Research.East
Africa.
==1906 > Robert Koch arrives at
Tanga
in German East Africa to research a cure for sleeping sickness - he
eventually
develops an arsenic derivative remedy
Research.Austria.
==1906 > Eduard Zirm performs
first cornea
transplant (or 1905)
Research.Britain.
==1906 > British physiology
professor
Charles Scott Sherrington publishes his landmark Integrative Action
of the Nervous System - ~he deduces the existence of the neural
synapse
Psychology.United
States.
==1906 > Alfred Binet’s
pioneering IQ
test reaches the US
Psychology.Switzerland.
==1906 > Jung begins to
correspond with
Freud
1907
Research.United
States.
==Jan.15 > Taggart first
describes the
use of gold dental inlays
Public Health.United
States.
==Mar.--- > Typhoid carrier
‘Typhoid Mary’
Mallon is apprehended in New York, after a wild struggle
Epidemic.Public
Health.United States.
==Aug.01 to Apr.1909 > Renewed
plague
outbreak in San Francisco - the effective public health response limits
the impact of the disease
Epidemic.Arabia.
==late.1907 to 1908 > A severe
cholera
outbreak strikes Hejaz in Arabia, killing 25,000 - sporadic outbreaks
to
1912
Epidemic.Russia.
==1907 > A cholera epidemic
sweeps the
Volga basin
Public Health.Siam.
==1907 > Improvements in the
Bangkok water
supply ends the threat of cholera
Epidemic.India.
==1907 > Nearly two million
Indians die
of plague in 1907 alone
Epidemic.Tunisia.
==1907 > The plague pandemic
enters Tunisia
Epidemic.West
Africa.
==1907 > Sleeping sickness has
killed
35% of the population of the island of Príncipe, off the coast
of
Gabon, since 1902
Epidemic.East
Africa.
==1907-1920 > British authorities
evacuate
a million people from the shores of Lake Victoria in response to the
regional
sleeping sickness epidemic
Research.Germany.
==1907 > Ehrlich develops a
chemotherapeutic
cure for sleeping sickness.
Epidemic.United
States.
==1907 > Polio outbreak in New
York City
Epidemic.Samoa.
==1907 > Whooping cough epidemic
in Samoa
Epidemic.France.
==1907 > A survey shows that half
of the
small children in French hospitals are suffering from rickets
Public Health.France.
==1907 > The International Office
of Public
Health is established in Paris, the forerunner of the WHO (or 1909)
Public Health.Britain.
==1907 > Medical facilities are
provided
in British schools
Research.United
States.
==1907 > Yale zoologist Ross
Granville
Harrison develops tissue culture
==1907 > The American Association
for
Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Investigation are
established
Psychology.Austria.
==1907 > Alfred Adler publishes
his main
work: A Study of Organic Inferiority and Its Psychical Compensation
Psychology.Switzerland.
==1907 > Jung meets Freud
Psychology.Russia.
==1907 > Pavlov publishes
Conditioned
Reflexes... (or 1906)
United States.
==1907 > The US Department of
Agriculture
Animal Health and Plant Health Inspection Service is founded
Switzerland.
==1907 > The world’s first
international
conference on infant care is held in Basel
Burma.
==1907 > The Burmese Medical
Institute
is established
1908
Epidemic.Public
Health.West Africa.
==Jan to Oct > Plague outbreak at
Accra
in the Gold Coast - it is contained by a vigorous public health
response
by British authorities
Epidemic.Brazil.
==Apr to Sep > Renewed smallpox
epidemic
in Rio de Janeiro kills 9,000
Psychology.United
States.
==May.06 > The former mental
patient Beers
founds the Connecticut Society for Mental Hygiene - ~start of an
American
movement to reform of the treatment of mental illness
Epidemic.India.
==late summer to fall > A very
severe
malaria epidemic strikes the Punjab
Epidemic.Russia.Persia.
==1908 > Cholera spreads from the
Volga
Basin to the Baltic, the Black Sea, Siberia, and Persia
Epidemic.Latin
America.
==1908 > The plague pandemic
arrives in
Trinidad, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru - it becomes endemic in
northwestern
South America
Research.Germany.Russia.
==1908 > Ehrlich and Metchnikoff
share
the Nobel Prize in Medicine
Research.Austria.
==1908 > Experiments in Vienna
indicate
that polio is infectious
Research.France.
==1908 > In France, Mantoux
develops a
skin test for tuberculosis
Psychology.Austria.
==1908 > The First International
Congress
of Psychoanalysis is held in Salzburg
==1908 > Informal gatherings of
psychologists
at Freud’s home are organized into the Vienna Psychoanalytic
Society
Psychology.United
States.
==1908 > Brill translates Freud
into English,
and coins the word ‘id’
United States.
==1908 > The American Society for
Pharmacology
is established
==1908 > The US Navy Nurse Corps
is organized
==1908 > New York City pharmacist
Max
Kiss establishes the Ex-Lax Company
Germany.
==1908 > The German journal Archive
for Race Hygiene begins publication, promoting eugenics
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